People

Anastasia N. Vlasova

DVM, PhD

Associate Professor - Tenure

Contact

vlasova.1@osu.edu (330) 263-3740 Food Animal Health Building
1680 Madison Avenue
Wooster, OH 44691
Map Link

Department

Veterinary Preventive Medicine

Related Links

Professional Training and experience

  • PhD, Ivanovsky Institute for Virology, Moscow, Russia
  • DVM, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia

Research Interests

  • Innate immunity and pathogenesis of enteric viruses
  • Interactions among host, pathogens, microbiome and micro/macronutrients
  • Development of interventions for human and swine enteric viral diseases
  • Molecular characterization of emerging and re-emerging animal, human and zoonotic (enteric and respiratory) viruses

Publications

2020

  • Vlasova A.N., Wang Q., Jung K., Langel S.N., Malik Y.S., Saif L.J. (2020) Porcine Coronaviruses. In: Malik Y., Singh R., Yadav M. (eds) Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viruses. Livestock Diseases and Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_4.
  • Takagi, H.; Oka, T.; Saito, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Takahashi, T.; Tatsumi, C.; Shimoike, T.; Kataoka, M.; Wang, Q.; Saif, L.; Noda., M. Human sapovirus propagation in human cell lines supplemented with bile acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. First published November 30, 2020. doi/10.1073/pnas.2007310117.
  • Niu, X.; Hou, Y.; Jung, K.; Kong, F.; Saif, L.; Wang, Q. Chimeric porcine deltacoronaviruses with sparrow coronavirus spike protein or the receptor-binding domain infect pigs but lose virulence and intestinal tropism. Viruses 2021, 13, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010122.
  • Langel, S.; Wang, Q.; Vlasova, A.; Saif, L. 2020. Host factors affecting generation of immunity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in pregnant and lactating swine and passive protection of neonates. Pathogens. 9(2):130 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020130 (Review).a
  • Jung, K.; Wang, Q.; Saif, L. 2020. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Research. 286:198045. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045 (review)
  • Nagai, M.; Wang, Q.; Oka, T.; Saif, L. 2020. Porcine sapoviruses: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetic diversity, and diagnosis. Virus Research. 286:198025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198025 (review)
  • Kenney SP, Wang Q, Vlasova A, Jung K, Saif L. 2020. Naturally Occurring Animal Coronaviruses as Models for Studying Highly Pathogenic Human Coronaviral Disease. Vet Pathol doi:10.1177/0300985820980842. (review).
  • Vlasova, A.; Kenney, S.; Jung, K.; Wang, Q.; Saif, L. 2020. Deltacoronavirus evolution and transmission: Current scenario and evolutionary perspectives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. (review) (Accepted on 12/31/2020)

2019

  • Vlasova, A.N., Wang, Q., Jung, K., Langel, S.N., Saif, L.J.2019. Porcine Coronaviruses. In: Recent Advances In Animal Virology, Springer. Intellectual contribution: I wrote the chapter, 95%
  • Vlasova, A.N., Amimo, J.O., Chepngeno, J., Saif, L.J., Malik, Y.P.S. 2019. Animal Rotaviruses. In: Recent Advances In Animal Virology, Springer. Intellectual contribution: I wrote the chapter, 95%
  • Amimo, J.O., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J. 2019. Rotavirus infections. In: Anipedia. Sponsor: OIE. Intellectual contribution: I have critically revised the existing version, 10%
  • Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Alhamo, M.A., Lager, K.M., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J. 2019. Oral vitamin A supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected gilts enhances IgA and lactogenic immune protection of nursing piglets. Vet Res. 2019 Nov 29;50(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s13567-019-0719-y.
  • Chepngeno, J., Diaz, A., Paim, F.C., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N. 2019. Rotavirus C: prevalence in suckling piglets and development of virus-like particles to assess the influence of maternal immunity on the disease development. Vet Res. 2019 Oct 22;50(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s13567-019-0705-4.
  • Paim, F.C., Bowman, A.S., Miller, L., Feehan, B.J., Marthaler, D., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N. 2019. Epidemiology of Deltacoronaviruses (?-CoV) and Gammacoronaviruses (?-CoV) in Wild Birds in the United States. Viruses. 2019 Sep 26;11(10). pii: E897. doi: 10.3390/v11100897.
  • Malik, Y.S., Verma, A.K., Kumar, N., Touil, N., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Bora, D.B., Dhama, K., Ghosh, S., Hemida, M.G., Abdel-Moneim, A.S., Bányai, K., Vlasova, A.N., Kobayashi, N., Singh, R.K. 2019. Advances in Diagnostic Approaches for Viral Etiologies of Diarrhea: From the Lab to the Field. Front. Microbiol., 13 September 2019 | doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01957.
  • Vlasova, A.N., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J. 2019. Interactions between human microbiome, diet, enteric viruses and immune system: Novel insights from gnotobiotic pig research. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models. 2019, 28:95-103.
  • Vlasova, A.N., Takanashi, S., Miyazaki, A., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J. 2019. How the gut microbiome regulates host immune responses to viral vaccines. Curr Opin Virol. 2019 Jun 1;37:16-25. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.001.
  • Hou, Y., Ke, H., Kim, J., Yoo, D., Su, Y., Boley, P., Chepngeno, J., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J., Wang, Q. 2019. Engineering a live attenuated PEDV vaccine candidate via inactivation of the viral 2'-O methyltransferase and the endocytosis signal of the spike protein. J Virol. 2019 May 22. pii: JVI.00406-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00406-19.
  • Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Alhamo, M.A., Buckley, A., Van Geelen, A., Lager, K.M., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J.  2019. Stage of Gestation at Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection of Pregnant Swine Impacts Maternal Immunity and Lactogenic Immune Protection of Neonatal Suckling Piglets. Front Immunol. 2019 Apr 24;10:727. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00727.
  • Lin, C.M., Ghimire, S., Hou, Y., Boley, P., Langel, S.N., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J., Wang, Q. 2019. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PC22A strain in conventional weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res. 2019 Jan 11;15(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1756-x.
  • Wang, Q., Vlasova, A.N., Kenney, S.P., Saif, L.J. Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr Opin Virol. 2019 Jan 14;34:39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.001.
  • Kattoor, J.J., Malik, Y.S., Saurabh, S., Sircar, S., Vinodhkumar, O.R., Bora, D.P., Dhama, K., Ghosh, S., Banyai, K., Touil, N., Abdel-Moneim, A.S., Vlasova, A.N., Kobayashi, N., Singh, R.K. 2019. First report and genetic characterization of porcine astroviruses of lineage 4 and 2 in diarrhoeic pigs in India. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019 Jan;66(1):47-53. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13058.

2018

  • Saif, LJ, Wang, Q, Vlasova, AN, Jung, K, Xiao, S. 2018. Coronaviruses. (Zimmerman, J.J.; Zhang, J.)(Eds.), Diseases of Swine Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA. 
  • Vlasova, AN, Langel, SN, Saif, LJ. 2018. Porcine respiratory coronavirus infection. Anipedia Sponsor: OIE. 
  • Vlasova, AN, Langel, SN, Bowman, AS, Lorbach, JN, Saif, LJ. 2018. Haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection. Anipedia Sponsor: OIE. 
  • Vlasova, AN, Langel, SN, Saif, LJ. 2018. Transmissible gastroenteritis. Anipedia Sponsor OIE.
  • Lin, C.M., Ghimire, S., Hou, Y., Boley, P., Langel, S.N., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J., Wang, Q. 2019. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PC22A strain in conventional weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res. 2019 Jan 11;15(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1756-x.
  • Wang, Q., Vlasova, A.N., Kenney, S.P., Saif, L.J. Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr Opin Virol. 2019 Jan 14;34:39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.001. [Epub ahead of print] Review.
  • Kattoor, J.J., Malik, Y.S., Saurabh, S., Sircar, S., Vinodhkumar, O.R., Bora, D.P., Dhama, K., Ghosh, S., Banyai, K., Touil, N., Abdel-Moneim, A.S., Vlasova, A.N., Kobayashi, N., Singh, R.K. 2018. First report and genetic characterization of porcine astroviruses of lineage 4 and 2 in diarrhoeic pigs in India. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018 Oct 31. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13058.
  • Miyazaki, A., Kandasamy, S., Michael, H., Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Chepngeno, J., Alhamo, M.A., Fischer, D.D., Huang, H.C., Srivastava, V., Kathayat, D., Deblais, L., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N. 2018. Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model. Submitted to Vaccine. Vaccine. 2018 Oct 8;36(42):6270-6281.
  • Santiana, M., Ghosh, S., Ho, B.A., Rajasekaran, V., Du, W.L., Mutsafi, Y., De Jésus-Diaz, D.A., Sosnovtsev, S.V., Levenson, E.A., Parra, G.I., Takvorian, P.M., Cali, A., Bleck, C., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J., Patton, J.T., Lopalco, P., Corcelli, A., Green, K.Y., Altan-Bonnet, N. 2018. Vesicle-Cloaked Virus Clusters Are Optimal Units for Inter-organismal Viral Transmission. Cell Host Microbe. 2018 Aug 8;24(2):208-220.e8. 
  • Kumar, A., Vlasova, A., Deblais, L., Huang, H.C., Wijeratne, A., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Alhamo, M.A., Shao, L., Saif, L.J., Rajashekara, G. 2018. Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model. BMC Gastroenterol. 2018 Jun 22;18(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12876-018-0810-2. PMC N/A
  • Malik, Y.S., Sircar, S., Dhama, K., Singh, R., Ghosh, S., Bányai, K., Vlasova, A.N., Nadia, T., Singh, R.K. 2018. Molecular epidemiology and characterization of picobirnaviruses in small ruminant populations in India. Infect Genet Evol. 2018 May 14;63:39-42.
  • Hu, H., Jung, K., Wang, Q., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N. 2018. Development of a one-step RT-PCR assay for detection of pancoronaviruses (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-coronaviruses) using newly designed degenerate primers for porcine and avian `fecal samples. J Virol Methods. 2018 Jun; 256:116-122. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.021. Epub 2018 Feb 27.
  • Bhat, S., Kattoor, J.J., Malik, Y.S., Sircar, S., Deol, P., Rawat, V., Rakholia, R., Ghosh, S., Vlasova, A.N., Nadia, T., Dhama, K., Kobayashi, N. 2018. Species C Rotaviruses in Children with Diarrhea in India, 2010-2013: A Potentially Neglected Cause of Acute Gastroenteritis. Pathogens. 2018 Feb 17;7(1). pii: E23. doi: 10.3390/pathogens7010023.
  • Huang, H.C., Vlasova, A.N., Kumar, A., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Deblais, L., Paim, F.C., Langel, S.N., Alhamo, M.A., Rauf, A., Shao, L., Saif, L.J., Rajashekara, G. 2018. Effect of antibiotic, probiotic, and human rotavirus infection on colonisation dynamics of defined commensal microbiota in a gnotobiotic pig model. Benef Microbes. 2017 Oct 12:1-16. doi: 10.3920/BM2016.0225.

2017

  • Huang, H.C., Vlasova, A.N., Kumar, A., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Deblais, L., Paim, F.C., Langel, S.N., Alhamo, M.A., Rauf, A., Shao, L., Saif, L.J., Rajashekara, G. 2017. Effect of antibiotic, probiotic, and human rotavirus infection on colonisation dynamics of defined commensal microbiota in a gnotobiotic pig model. Benef Microbes. 2017 Oct 12:1-16. doi: 10.3920/BM2016.0225. Percent of authorship: 10%
  • Fischer, D.D., Kandasamy, S., Paim, F.C., Langel, S.N., Alhamo, M.A., Shao, L., Chepngeno, J., Miyazaki, A., Huang, H.C., Kumar, A., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N. 2017. Protein malnutrition alters tryptophan and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 homeostasis and adaptive immune responses in human rotavirus infected gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2017 Jun 21. pii: CVI.00172-17. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00172-17.
  • Kandasamy, S., Vlasova, A.N., Fischer, D.D., Chattha, K.S., Shao, L., Kumar, A., Langel, S.N., Rauf, A., Huang, H.C., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J. 2017. Unraveling the Differences between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotics in Modulating Protective Immunity to Enteric Infections. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 27;8:334. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00334. Percent of authorship: 10%
  • Vlasova, A.N., Amimo, J.O., Saif, L.J. 2017. Porcine Rotaviruses: Epidemiology, Immune Responses and Control Strategies. Viruses. 2017 Mar 18;9(3). pii: E48. doi: 10.3390/v9030048.
  • Vlasova, A.N., Paim, F.C., Kandasamy, S., Alhamo, M.A., Fischer, D.D., Langel, S.N., Deblais, L., Kumar, A., Chepngeno, J., Shao, L., Huang, H.-C., Candelero-Rueda, R.A., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J. 2017. Protein malnutrition modifies innate immunity, gene expression by intestinal epithelial cells and human rotavirus infection in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. mSphere. 2017 Mar 1;2(2). pii: e00046-17. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00046-17.
  • Kandasamy, S., Vlasova, A.N., Fischer, D.D., Chattha, K.S., Shao, L., Kumar, A., Langel, S.N., Rauf, A., Huang, H.C., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J. 2017. Unraveling the Differences between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotics in Modulating Protective Immunity to Enteric Infections. Front Immunol. 2017 Mar 27;8:334. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00334. Percent of authorship: 10%
  • Vlasova, A.N., Amimo, J.O., Saif, L.J. 2017. Porcine Rotaviruses: Epidemiology, Immune Responses and Control Strategies. Viruses. 2017 Mar 18;9(3). pii: E48. doi: 10.3390/v9030048.
  • Saif, LJ, Wang, Q, Vlasova, AN, Jung, K, Xiao, S. (2018). Coronaviruses. (Zimmerman, J.J.; Zhang, J.)(Eds.), Diseases of Swine Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA. Forthcoming.
  • Vlasova, AN, Langel, SN, Saif, LJ. (2018). Porcine respiratory coronavirus infection. Anipedia Sponsor: OIE. In Press.
  • Vlasova, AN, Langel, SN, Bowman, AS, Lorbach, JN, Saif, LJ. (2018). Haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection. Anipedia Sponsor: OIE. In Press.
  • Vlasova, AN, Langel, SN, Saif, LJ. (2018). Transmissible gastroenteritis. Anipedia Sponsor OIE. In Press.
  • Amimo, JO, Vlasova, AN, Saif, LJ. (2018). Rotavirus infections. Anipedia Sponsor: OIE. In Press.
  • Vlasova, AN, Wang, Q, Jung, K, Langel, SN, Saif, LJ. (2018). Porcine Coronaviruses. Recent Advances in Animal Virology Publisher: Springer Nature. Forthcoming.
  • Kumar, A., Vlasova, A.N., Deblais, L., Huang, H.-C., Wijeratne, A., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Rauf, A., Alhamo, M.A., Shao, L., Saif, L.J., Rajashekara, G. 2017. Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model. BMC Gastroenterology

2016

  • Vlasova, A.N., Kandasamy, S., Saif, L.J, "Gnotobiotic neonatal pig model of rotavirus infection and disease". In "Viral Gastroenteritis: Molecular biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology and vaccine development". Edited by:Lennart Svensson, Ulrich Desselberger, Harry B Greenberg, Mary K Estes. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 219-241. 2016. [Peer-Review] (Published) 95% Authorship
  • Kandasamy, S., A. Kumar, G. Rajashekara, A. Vlasova, and L.J. Saif, "Probiotics for immunomodulation and treatment of immunological disorders in children: Evaluation in a gnotobiotic animal model". In "Probiotics in Children". Edited by: M. Manfredi and G. Luigi de’Angelis. New York: Nova Science Publishers. 2016. [Peer-Review] (Published) 12% Authorship
  • Kandasamy, S., Vlasova, A.N., Fischer, D., Kumar, A., Chattha, K.S., Rauf, A., Shao, L., Langel, S.N., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., "Differential Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on Human Rotavirus Binding, Infection, and B Cell Immunity". J Immunol. Vol. 196, no. 4: 1780-9. 2016. (Published) 30% Authorship
  • Shao, L., Fischer, D.D., Kandasamy, S., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N., "Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of porcine. Toll-like receptors at different ages in germ-free and conventional pigs". Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Vol. 171, 7-16. 2016. (Published) 50% Authorship
  • Vlasova, A.N., Kandasamy, S., Chattha, K.S., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., "Comparison of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria effects, immune responses and rotavirus vaccines and infection in different host species". Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Vol. 172, 72-84. 2016. (Published) 95% Authorship
  • Langel, S.N., Paim, F.C., Lager, K.M., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J., ". Lactogenic Immunity and Vaccines for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV): Historical And Current Concepts". Virus Research. Vol. 226, 93-107. 2016. (Published) 10% Authorship
  • Vlasova, A.N., Shao, L., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Rauf, A., Langel, S.N., Chattha, K.S., Kumar, A., Huang, H.-C., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., "Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protects gnotobiotic pigs against human rotavirus by modulating pDC and NK-cell responses". Eur J Immunol. Vol. 46, no. 10: 2426-2437. 2016. (Published) 90% Authorship
  • Wang, Y., Vlasova, A., Velasquez, D.E., Saif, L.J., Kandasamy, S., Kochba, E., Levin, Y., Jiang, B., "Skin Vaccination against Rotavirus Using Microneedles: Proof of Concept in Gnotobiotic Piglets". PLoS One. Vol. 11, no. 11: e0166038. 2016. (Published) 15% Authorship
  • Paim, F.C., Langel, S.N., Fischer, D.D., Kandasamy, S., Shao, L., Alhamo, M.A., Huang, H.-C., Kumar, A., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J., Vlasova, A.N., "Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Ciprofloxacin on small intestinal epithelial cell mRNA expression in the neonatal piglet model of human rotavirus infection". Gut Pathogens. Vol. 8, 66. 2016. (Published) 50% Authorship
  • Hu, H., Jung, K., Vlasova, A.N., Saif, L.J., "Experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs with the cell-culture-adapted porcine deltacoronavirus strain OH-FD22.". Arch Virol.. Vol. 161, no. 12: 3421-3434. 2016. (Published) 12% Authorship
  • Kandasamy, S., Vlasova, A.N., Fischer, D.D., Chattha, K.S., Shao, L., Langel, S.N., Rauf, A., Kumar, A., Huang, H.-C., Rajashekara, G., Saif., L.J.. "Unraveling the Differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative Probiotics in Modulating Protective Immunity to Human Rotavirus Infection." submitted to: Frontiers in immunology. 2016. [ Peer-Review ] ( Submitted )
  • Vlasova, A.N., Paim, F.C., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Langel, S.N., Kumar, A., Alhamo, M.A., Chepngeno, J., Shao, L., Huang, H.-C., Rajashekara, G., Saif, L.J.. "Protein malnutrition modifies innate immunity, gene expression by intestinal epithelial cells and human rotavirus infection in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs." submitted to: mSphere. 2016. [ Peer-Review ]
    ( Submitted )
  • Huang, H.-C., Vlasova, A.N., Kumar, A., Kandasamy, S., Fischer, D.D., Paim, F.C., Langel, S.N., Alhamo, M.A., Deblais, L., Rauf, A., Shao, L., Saif, L.J., Rajashekara, G.. "Effect of antibiotic, probiotic, and human rotavirus infection on colonization dynamics of defined commensal microflora in a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model." submitted to: Beneficial microbes. 2016. [ Peer-Review ] ( Submitted )

2015

  • Hu, H., Jung, K., Vlasova, A. N., Chepngeno, J., Lu, Z., Wang, Q., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Isolation and characterization of porcine deltacoronavirus from pigs with diarrhea in the United States. Journal of clinical microbiology, 53(5), 1537-1548.
  • Saif, L. J., A. N. Vlasova, and J. O. Amimo. "Detection and genetic diversity of porcine group A rotaviruses in historic (2004) and recent (2011/12) swine fecal samples in Ohio, USA: Predominance of G9P [13] genotype in nursing piglets." (2015).
  • Amimo, J.O., Junga, J.O., Ogara, W.O., Vlasova, A.N., Njahira, M.N., Maina, S., Okoth, E.A., Bishop, R.P., Saif, L.J. and Djikeng, A., 2015. Detection and genetic characterization of porcine group A rotaviruses in asymptomatic pigs in smallholder farms in East Africa: predominance of P [8] genotype resembling human strains. Veterinary microbiology, 175(2), pp.195-210.
  • Lin, C. M., Gao, X., Oka, T., Vlasova, A. N., Esseili, M. A., Wang, Q., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Antigenic relationships among porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus strains. Journal of virology, 89(6), 3332-3342.